The Noel Strengths Academy defines it this way:

• A sense of connection to a presence beyond this world 
• Having a coherent set of beliefs that shape conduct and provide comfort  
• Perceive their own higher purpose  
• In pursuit of the deeper meanings of life 
• Conscious of their own role in the larger scheme of things

• Underuse: Anomie
• Overuse: Fanaticism

Key Research:

• Rank order of Spirituality in populations from:
  • US : 21;
  • European:  24
  • Asia: 20
  • Latin America: 21
  • Sub-Saharan Africa: 17
  • Middle east: 20
• The character strengths most associated with the meaning route to happiness are religiousness, gratitude, hope, zest, and curiosity (Peterson et al., 2007).
• In addition to replication of the connection between hope, gratitude, love, zest, and curiosity with life satisfaction, the strengths that were the best predictors of future life satisfaction were hope and spirituality (Proyer et al., 2011).
• Among high school students, other-oriented strengths (e.g., kindness, teamwork) predicted fewer depression symptoms while transcendence strengths (e.g., spirituality) predicted greater life satisfaction (Gillham et al., 2011).

Psychological Impacts of Spirituality/purposefulness

1. Spirituality is linked to greater well-being: Research has shown that individuals with high levels of Spirituality tend to have greater well-being, including higher levels of life satisfaction, happiness, and positive emotions (Peterson & Seligman, 2004).
2. Spirituality is associated with greater resilience: People with high Spirituality tend to be more resilient in the face of adversity, and are better able to cope with stress and trauma (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004).
3. Spirituality is linked to greater gratitude: Research has shown that individuals with high levels of Spirituality tend to be more grateful, which is associated with greater well-being and life satisfaction (Emmons & McCullough, 2003).
4. Spirituality is a key component of meaning-making: Spirituality is closely related to the ability to find meaning and purpose in life, which is a key component of human flourishing (Frankl, 1963).
5. Spirituality is associated with greater self-awareness: Individuals with high Spirituality tend to have greater self-awareness, including a greater understanding of their values, goals, and motivations (Kashdan & Ciarrochi, 2013).
6. Spirituality is linked to greater forgiveness: Research has shown that individuals with high levels of Spirituality tend to be more forgiving, which is associated with greater well-being and life satisfaction (McCullough et al., 1998).
7. Spirituality is a key predictor of life purpose: Spirituality is a key component of life purpose, which is associated with greater well-being and life satisfaction (King et al., 2016).
8. Spirituality is associated with greater self-acceptance: Individuals with high Spirituality tend to have greater self-acceptance, including a greater acceptance of themselves and their place in the world (Tay & Kuyken, 2013).
9. Spirituality is linked to greater prosocial behavior: Research has shown that individuals with high levels of Spirituality tend to engage in more prosocial behavior, including volunteering and helping others (Schnitker & Johnson, 2010).
10. Spirituality can be developed through practice and training: Research has shown that Spirituality can be developed through practice and training, such as through mindfulness and meditation (Hölzel et al., 2011).

Tayyab Rashid and Afroze Anjum offer 340 Ways to Use VIA Character Strengths including these four for Spirituality:

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Philosopher John Searle lays out the case for studying human consciousness — and systematically shoots down some of the common objections to taking it seriously. As we learn more about the brain processes that cause awareness, accepting that consciousness is a biological phenomenon is an important first step. And no, he says, consciousness is not a massive computer simulation.